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1 (different) social circles
Дипломатический термин: различные слои обществаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > (different) social circles
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2 different social circles
dažādi sabiedrības slāņi -
3 (different) social circles
Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > (different) social circles
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4 (different )social circles
English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > (different )social circles
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5 (different )social circles
English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > (different )social circles
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6 move in different social circles
Макаров: вращаться в различных кругах (общества)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > move in different social circles
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7 social circles
1) Общая лексика: светские круги2) Дипломатический термин: (different) различные слои общества -
8 social
1. [ʹsəʋʃ(ə)l] n1) приём, встреча, собрание (членов клуба, общества)2) разг. вечеринка2. [ʹsəʋʃ(ə)l] a1. общественный, социальныйsocial order /system/ - общественный строй
social unit - ячейка общества (семья, группа)
the social evil - эвф. общественное зло, проституция
2. 1) компанейский, дружескийsocial drinking - выпивка в компании, дружеская попойка
social visit - а) дружеский визит, посещение знакомых; to pay a social visit - пойти в гости, навестить знакомых; б) дип. неофициальный или протокольный визит
2) общительный3) бытовой, относящийся к повседневной жизниpurely social club - клуб, где люди встречаются для отдыха, танцев и т. п.
social director of a hotel - администратор отеля, ведающий культурным обслуживанием (развлечениями, спортивными мероприятиями и т. п.)
3. относящийся к положению в обществеto move in different social circles - вращаться в различных кругах (общества)
to be smb.'s social inferior [superior] - занимать более низкое [высокое] положение в обществе, чем кто-л.
to long for social advancement - стремиться к продвижению по социальной лестнице
4. светский5. биол. общественный; стайный; стадныйsocial plants - растения, растущие группами
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9 different
§ სხვადასხვაგვარი§ განსხვავებული, სხვანაირი, სხვადასხვა, სხვა●●this sentence can be read in different ways ამ წინადადების შინაარსის გაგება სხვადასხვაგვარად შეიძლებაdifferent sorts of things ნაირ-ნაირი სახის ნივთი / საგანიthey belong to different social circles სხცადასხვა სოციალურ სფეროს ეკუთვნიანwe have different opinions on that subject ამ საგანზე სხვადასხვა აზრის ვართI take a different view მე სხვა შეხედულებისა ვარ/ამას სხვანაირად ვუყურებfrom a different angle სხვა თვალსაზრისით / კუთხით -
10 social
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11 social
საზოგადოებრივი, სოციალურიsocial changes / system / life / duty საზოგადოებრივი ცვლილებებიthey belong to different social circles სხცადასხვა სოციალურ სფეროს ეკუთვნიანindustrialization influences social usage ინდუსტრიალიზაცია ზნე-ჩვეულებებზე გავლენას ახდენს -
12 social
ˈsəuʃəl
1. прил.
1) общественный;
социальный social welfare ≈ социальное обеспечение;
патронаж( с благотворительными и воспитательными целями) social amenities ≈ социально-бытовое обслуживание social appropriation ≈ общественное присвоение social consumption ≈ общественное потребление social conditions ≈ социально-бытовые условия social demography ≈ социальная демография social funds ≈ социальные фонды social location ≈ социальное положение social class ≈ общественный класс - social change - social contacts - social control - social democracy - social democrat - social democratic - social etiquette - social insurance - social legislation
2) коммуникабельный, контактный, общительный;
компанейский, дружеский - social dancing Syn: sociable
1., affable, gregarious
3) светский social reporter ≈ репортер отдела светской хроники
4) относящийся к положению в обществе - social climber - social ladder
2. сущ.
1) собрание, встреча (членов общества и т. п.)
2) разг. вечеринка Syn: party II
3) разг. социальное обеспечение прием, встреча, собрание ( членов клуба, общества) (разговорное) вечеринка общественный, социальный - * order (system) общественный строй - * unit ячейка общества (семья, группа) - * justice социальная справедливость - * institutions социальные институты - bad * behaviour антиобщественное повещение - * hygiene социальная гигиена - the * evil (эвфмеизм) общественное зло, проституция - * standards нормы общественной жизни компанейский, дружеский - * drinking выпивка в компании, дружеская попойка - * visit дружеский визит, посещение знакомых;
(дипломатическое) неофициальный (или протокольный) визит - to pay a * visit пойти в гости, навестить знакомых - he leads a very full * life он часто бывает в обществе - I spent a relaxed * evening я приятно провел время на вечере общительный - * character общительный человек бытовой, относящийся к повседневной жизни - purely * club клуб, где люди встречаются для отдыха, танцев и т. п. - * director of a hotel администратор отеля, ведающий культурным обслуживанием( развлечениями, спортивными мероприятиями и т. п.) относящийся к положению в обществе - a member of his * set человек его круга - to move in different * circles вращаться в различных кругах (общества) - to be smb.'s * inferior (superior) занимать более низкое (высокое) положение в обществе, чем кто-либо - to long for * advancement стремиться к продвижению по социальной лестнице светский - * reporter репортер (велико) светской хроники - a column of * gossip отдел светских новостей (биология) общественный;
стайный, стадный - * plants растения, растущие группами - * insects общественные насекомые family ~ work семейная общественная работа social бытовой ~ разг. вечеринка ~ общественный;
социальный;
social science социология;
social security социальное обеспечение ~ общественный, социальный ~ общественный ~ общительный ~ светский;
social evening вечеринка ~ собрание, встреча (членов общества и т. п.) ~ собрание, встреча (членов общества и т.п.) ~ социальный ~ светский;
social evening вечеринка ~ welfare патронаж (с благотворительными и воспитательными целями) ;
social evil проституция ~ welfare патронаж (с благотворительными и воспитательными целями) ;
social evil проституция ~ welfare социальное обеспечение welfare: social ~ повышение благосостояния social ~ социальное обеспечение;
общественное (социальное) благополучие social ~ социальное обеспечение -
13 belong
1 კუთვნება (ეკუთვნის)this house belongs to me ეს სახლი მე მეკუთვნის / ჩემია2 მიკუთვნება (მიეკუთვნება)Shakespeare belongs to the humanists of the Renaissance შექსპირი აღორძინების ხანი ჰუმანისტებს მიეკუთვნებაthey belong to different social circles სხცადასხვა სოციალურ სფეროს ეკუთვნიანthis hut doesn`t belong to anybody ეს ქოხი არავის ეკუთვნის -
14 mix
1. I1) milk and water mix молоко и вода смешиваются / могут смешиваться/; oil and water do /will/ not mix масло и вода не смешиваются, масло не растворяется в воде2) it is good for people with different interests to mix хорошо, когда общаются /вступают в общение, сходятся/ люди с разными интересами2. II1) mix badly (partially, suitably, thoroughly, etc.) плохо и т.д. соединяться /смешиваться, растворяться/; these colours mix well эти цвета хорошо сочетаются; these two drinks don't mix well из этих двух напитков хорошей смеси не получается2) these people mix well (badly, easily, etc.) эти люди легко и т.д. сходятся с другими; he doesn't mix well он не очень общительный человек, он плохо сходится / уживается/ с людьми3. III1) mix smth. mix two kinds of tea (flour and sugar, all the ingredients, etc.) смешивать /мешать, перемешивать/ два сорта чая и т.д.; you'll get a good blend if you mix these two tobaccos смешайте эти два сорта табаку и у вас получится хорошая смесь; mix a salad приготовить салат; mix drugs смешивать лекарства; mix mortar замешать известковый раствор; she's mixing the cake now она замешивает тесто для пирога; who's mixing the drinks? кто займется коктейлями?; mix business and pleasure сочетать /совмещать/ приятное с полезным; I've mixed my French books and my English books я спутал /смешал, поставил рядом, поставил вместе/ французские и английские книги2) mix smb. mix people of different social worlds сводить вместе /заставлять общаться/ людей разных социальных положений4. IVmix smth. in some manner mix all the ingredients thoroughly (smoothly, etc.) тщательно и т.д. перемещать все ингредиенты; mix several things together смешать несколько вещей [вместе]; mix the dough well хорошенько вымесить тесто5. Vmix smb. smth. mix smb. a bottle of medicine (a cocktail, etc.) приготовлять кому-л. пузырек лекарств и т.д.6. VIImix smth. to do smth. mix ingredients to make a cake (flour and water to make dough, herbs to make a medicine, poison and water to kill smb., etc.) смешивать /перемешивать, замешивать/ ингредиенты, чтобы испечь пирог и т.д.7. XIbe mixed at some time the cocktails were already mixed коктейли были уже приготовлены; be mixed somewhere many races are mixed in Hawaii на Гавайских островах много людей смешанного происхождения8. XVI1) mix with smth. oil does /will/ not mix with water масло не растворяется в воде; а paint that mixes easily with water краска, которая хорошо /легко/ разводится водой2) mix with smb. mix with other people (with the other guests at a party, with strange companions, with the people of the country, with the aristocracy, much with the natives, etc.) общаться с другими людьми и т.д.; they tried hard to mix with their new neighbours они прилагали все усилия, чтобы сойтись с новыми соседями; they mix with peculiar people они водят дружбу с очень странными людьми; mix somewhere mix in society (in the highest circles, etc.) вращаться в обществе и т.д.9. XXI11) mix smth. with smth. mix oil with water (poison with wine, sand with sugar, etc.) смешивать /перемешивать масло с водой и т.д.; mix wine with water мешать вино с водой; mix this powder with a cup of water разведите этот порошок в чашке воды; don't mix too much sand with the, concrete не прибавляйте к бетону слишком много песку; mix business with pleasure сочетать полезное с приятным; mix smth. in (to) smth. mix a little soda into the flour (sand in the sugar, etc.) добавлять /прибавлять/ [ смешиванием] немного соды в муку и т.д.2) mix smb. with smb. mix good people with bad сводить /соединять/ хороших людей с плохими -
15 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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16 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
(PS)Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
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